(Husi: Teodoro Marcos Mota)
Akordu Paris nu’udar akordu internasionál ne’ebé konkorda husi nasaun hamutuk 196 ne’ebé hola parte nu’udar membru nações unidas. Akordu Paris adopsi iha 12 Dezembru 2015 bainhira nasaun membru sira konsentra iha França ho konkordánsia atu rezolve mudansa iklimatika globál. Akordu Paris ofisialmente asina iha ONU, Nova York, 22 Abril 2016, no hahu em vigor 4 novembru 2016.
Objetivu husi akordu Paris (Paris Agreement) mak atu rezolve mudansa iklimatika globál no limita rai no atmosfer nia manas menus husi 20C (grau celcius) no liu level pra-indústria ho limitasaun 1.50C. Akordu ne’e, husu nasaun membru sira atu redus emisaun gas rumah kaca ou greenhouse gas emissions, nune’e’e presiza esforsu koletiva hodi atinji metas sira ne’ebé kontempla ona iha akordu Paris (Fontes: International Energy Agency (IEA), 2023).
Tuir informasun husi Global CCS Institute (2022), estratejia ida atu rezolve mudansa iklimatika mundiál no redus emisaun produsaun gás karbonu dioksida, mak implementasaun teknolojia Kaptura no Armajenamentu Karbonu (Carbon Capture and Storage/CCS) ho Kaptura, Utiliza no Armajenamentu Karbonu (Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage/CCUS).
Saida mak CCS no CCUS?. CCS signifika teknolojia ida ne’ebé uza hodi kaptura gas karbonu dioksida (CO2) husi fontes emisaun, hanesan plantas indústria, fabrikas, no usinas de energia ne’ebé agora dadaun iha hela atmosfer, nune’e hodi injeksi fali ba rai-okos, no prezerva iha rezervatóriu iha rai okos ho permanente. Objetivu husi CCS mak atu redus impaktu husi greenhouse gas emissions, kaptura CO2 molok atinji to’o atmosfer, asegura sustentabilidade utilizasaun enerjia fosil ou petroleum, no ajuda atinji redusaun emisaun global (Fontes: Global CCS Institute, 2022).
CCUS signifika teknolojia ida ne’ebé involvidu kapturasaun no armajenamentu CO2, maibé mós oinsá utilija fila fali CO2 ba nesesidade ekonomia hanesan produção de produtos químicos, no combustíveis sintéticos. Objetivu CCUS laos deit atu redus emisaun karbonu dioksida, maibé mós fó oportunidade indústria foun, hodi kontribui ba ekonomia Timor-Leste. CCS no CCUS iha poténsia bo’ot hodi redus carbon footprint, no apoiu tranzisaun ba enerjia ida ne’ebé mós no familiar ho ambiente (Fontes: Global CCS Institute, 2023).
Ohin loron, nasaun avansadu sira promove makas indústria CCS no CCUS tanba bele tulun redus mudansa iklimatika, netraliza no redus emisaun karbonu dioksida husi atividade indústria. Nune’e, nasaun hotu-hotu obrigatoriumente jere rasik sira nia emisaun karbonu dioksida, nu’udar kriteriu prinsipal bainhira hari indústria foun ruma; tantu indústria petroliferu, manufaktura, fabrikasoens, no ect. Nasaun avansadu sira ohin loron ajusta an ba enerjia renovável, no hidrojerasaun hodi asegura tranziasaun ba sustentabilidade enerjia iha futuru (Fontes: International Energy Agency (IEA), 2023).
Tuir IEA (2023), nasaun ida-idak hola papel prinsipal ba akordu Paris hodi determina tarjetu ba nia emisaun rasik, nu’udar kontribusaun ne’ebé determina husi nasional (Nationally Determined Contributions/NDC). Signifika nasaun sira ne’ebé atu loke atividade indústria, manufaktura, ou fabrikasoens ruma, obrigatoriumente tenke iha responsabilidade hodi jere no redus rasik nia emisaun karbonu dioksida.
Timor-Leste presija tebes iha indústria CCS no CCUS nu’udar preparativu, nune’e’e ita bele jere rasik no redus emisaun karbonu dioksida ba mega projeitu ho atividade indústria bo’ot sira ne’ebé sei implementa iha futuru, hanesan dezenvolvimentu kampu gas Greater Sunsire, TLNG, Refinaria, futuru ezistensia indústria petroleum iha Timor-Leste tantu iha tasi laran no rai-maran, fabrikasoens, manufaktura, no ect.
Tuir planu governu Timor-Leste via Ministerio do Petroleu e Recursos Minerais katak post-produsaun kampu minarai Bayu Undan sei transfer kampu BU ba projeitu CCS. Kampu Bayu-Undan (BU) mak kampu petroliferu ne’ebé eziste iha Tasi Timor lokalija entre nasaun rua Timor-Leste ho Australia. Distansia husi kampu BU mai Timor-Leste 250 kilometru (KM) no ba Australia 500 KM. Kampu BU lokaliza iha tasi ne’ebé klean 80 metru ho estimasaun rezerva mina kondensadu 550 miliaun baril (MMbbls) ho rezerva gas natural 4 triliun kubiku feet (Tcf) (S.R. Neubecker, C.T. Erbrich, 2004).
Kampu BU deskoberta iha 1995 husi kompania Phillips Petroleum (Reese et al., 1997). Kampu BU agora dadaun tama ona iha faze dezenvolvimentu ho produsaun. Tuir informasaun husi autoridade nasionál petróleu no minerál (ANPM) ho SANTOS nu’udar kompaña operadór katak produsaun minarai hahú tuun gradualmente, nune’e’e estimasaun kampu BU nia tempu produsaun (life time production) to’o de’it fim 2023 ou 2024 tanba kampu BU sei la ekonomis.
Iha indústria petroliferu kampu la ekonomis signifika kustu operasaun ba kampu refere boot liu kompara ho kustu rekoperasaun ka profit, nune’e sedu ou tarde kompanya sei halo desmantelamentu ba kampu refere. Antes nee, kampu minarai KITAN ne’ebé deskobre iha 2008 no halo dezenvolvimentu ho produsaun hahu 2011 hapara ona produsaun iha 2015 tanba la ekonomis. Kompanya Eni nu’udar operador ba kampu Kitan (Yokote et al., 2012). Durante nee, atividade produsaun refere kauza no husik ona CO2 iha atmosfer, nune’e presiza kaptura no injeksi fali CO2 ba rezervatoriu iha rai-okos.
Tuir L. B. Ledlow et al., (2008), strutura formasaun jeolojia kampu BU. Predominante ezistensia hidrokarbunetu iha kampu BU akontese iha tempu jeolojia inisiu no mediu Jurasik Formasaun Plover no to’o Jurasik Formasaun Elang. Nune’emos, interval zona rezervatoiu kampu BU forma husi Frigate no Formasaun Flamingo. Indikasaun vizibilidade zona gas no bee (gas-water-contact) iha kampu BU bele hare iha klean 3109 mSS TVD ou 10198 feet. Inklui sumariu stratigrafia no karakterizasaun rezervatoriu kampu BU. Reservoir Elang no Plover indika temperature ne’ebé as ho presaun normal, porosidade ki’ik, no permeabilidade as iha fatuk sandstone, nune’emos kampu BU eziste strong water drive ou iha aquifer influx durante periodu produsaun hidrokarbunetu.
Tanba nee, dadus explorasaun kampu BU, mapamentu reservoir iha tasi no rai okos (subsurface mapping) kampu BU, dadus produsaun kampu BU, no futuru estudu tekniku detailu kampu BU presija tebes, nune’e bele re-avalia, ajusta no re-dezenu bazea ba karakteristiku kampu, hodi garantia implementasaun sucessu indústria CCS no CCUS iha kampu BU. Tuir L. B. Ledlow et al., (2008), kampu BU asosia ho trending faults, tanba nee presija tebes identifika komponente sistema petroliferu, karakteristiku jeokimika iha rezervoir kampu BU, no kondisaun jeolojia.
Tipu reservoir ou formasaun jeolojia ne’ebé normalmente uza ba armajenamnetu karbonu dioksida-CO2 mak: depleted gas reservoirs, limited aquifers, carbonate rock formations, oil and gas reservoirs, saline aquifer formations, no sub-seabed storage.
Molok implementasaun projeitu CCS iha kampu BU, iha etapa preparasaun ne’ebé kritiku no importante tebes hodi tau konsiderasaun mak:
1. Analizasaun Fontes Emisaun. Signifika presija halo identifikasaun no evalua fontes emisaun prioritariu ne’ebé sai fokus ba projeitu CCS iha BU. Nune’e mos, halo analiza kona-ba karakteristiku emisi husi fontes refere, inklui volume no kompozisaun gas.
2. Mapamentu, Karakterizasaun Ambiente Jeolojia, no Fatin Armajenamentu CO2. Signifika presija halo mapamentu rai okos hodi determina potensia akumulasaun CO2. Inklui, estudu detailu kona-ba identifika karakteristiku fatuk ne’ebé pertense hodi sai armajenamentu akumulasaun CO2, kapasidade no estabilidade CO2 atu prezerva, no karakteristika jeokimika.
3. Legalidade, Lisensamentu no Kontratu CCS, no Dekretu Lei. Signifika presija kria lei hodi regulariza atividade indústria CCS, asegura indústria refere obedese tuir kontratu, lei no lisensa ambiental. Nune’e’e mós, projeitu refere hetan aprovasaun lisensa husi autoridade relevante, nasaun no tuir padraun internasionál.
4. Analizasaun Ekonomia no Finansiamentu. Signifika presiza halo evaluasaun ekonomia no estudu viabilidade kona-ba projeitu CCS ne’ebé kalkula hotu kona-ba investimentu osan projeitu ka finansiamentu projeitu, kustu operasional, no kustu manutensaun projeitu CCS. Nune’emos, presija halo estudu hodi identifika fontes finansiamentu, lukru husi projeitu, no politika insentiva ne’ebé kontribui fo apoiu ba projeitu CCS.
5. Teknolojia no Infrastruktura Projeitu CCS. Signifika hili teknolojia no hari infraestrutura projeitu CCS tenke kumpri no tuir fontes emisaun no karakteristiku jeolojia rejionál ho lokal. Inklui, dezenvolvimentu infraestrutura transportasaun CO2, no instalasaun armajenamentu.
6. Involvimentu Entidade Stakeholder ba Projeitu CCS. Signifika presija intensifika komunikasaun no kolaborasaun husi parte stakeholder, inklui komunidade lokal, governu no indústria relevante. Nune’emos, presija halo indentifikasaun no fo resposta ba eskeptisaun husi momunidade, nune’e bele halo dezenvolvimentu no asistensia sosial.
7. Monitorizasaun no Verifikasaun Projeitu CCS. Signifika presija dezenvolve teknika monitorizasaun avansadu, nune’e bele halo monitotizasaun diariamente ba emisaun CO2 no armajenamentu. Nune’emos, presija forma prosedimentu teknika verifikasaun independente hodi asegura obediensia projeitu tuir padraun no regulamentu.
8. Treinamentu no Konscientizasaun. Signifika oferese formasaun kontinuada ba ekipa sira ne’ebé involve an iha projeitu CCS, inklui ekipa operasional, monitorizasaun, no jestaun risku. Inklui, presija dezenvolve no konsiensialija komunidade kona-ba benefisiu, segurança implementasaun projeitu CCS. Tanba nee, presija tau atensaun seriu ba aspeitu hirak ne’ebé elabora iha esplikasaun leten hodi tulun sucessu ba implementasaun projeitu CCS ho efetivu, ekonomika, no sustentabilidade.
Implementasaun projeitu CCS presija adopta no kumpri tuir padraun internasional ne’ebé involve husi:
1. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 27916:2019 kona-ba Carbon dioxide capture, transportation, and geological storage. Padraun ida nee, oferese giaun kona-ba aspeitu teknika no ambiental husi kapturasaun, transportasaun, no armazenamentu CO2.
2. ISO 14040 no ISO 14044 kona-ba Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Padraun LCA ajuda hodi evalua implikasaun ambiental husi projeitu CCS ne’ebé holistiku hahu husi etapa kapturasaun, prudusaun to’o siklu ikus indústria.
3. ISO 14067 kona-ba Greenhouse gases – Carbon footprint of products. Padraun ida nee, uza hodi sukat produtu carbon footprint, inklui implementasaun CCS ba redusaun carbon footprint.
4. ISO 14046 kona-ba Water footprint. Padraun ida nee, relevante ho projeitu CCS tanba ajuda identifika no evalua implikasaun utilijasaun bee iha aspeitu hotu-hotu iha siklu vida projeitu CCS.
5. ISO 15663 kona-ba Life cycle costing. Padraun ida nee, ajuda hodi halo kalkulasaun ba kustu finansiamentu projeitu CCS durante siklu vida projeitu, inklui kustu investimentu, kustu operasionál, no kustu manutensaun projeitu CCS.
6. IEA (International Energy Agency) Guidelines for Carbon Capture and Storage. Padraun ida nee, preve informasaun pratika no teknika oinsa dezenvolve no implementa projeitu CCS.
7. IEAGHG (International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme) kona-ba Monitoring and verification of geologic storage projects for CO2 captured from combustion of fossil fuels. Iha padraun ida nee, kontempla matadalan spesifikamente hodi halo monitorizasaun no verifikasaun ba armajenamentu CO2.
8. IEC 61892 kona-ba Electrical installations for mobile and fixed offshore installations – Requirements for coal mine methane capture and utilization projects for electrical power generation. Padraun ida nee, foka ba kapturasaun no utilijasaun metana tanbang batubara, ne’ebé bele hola parte husi projeitu CCS. Utilijasaun padraun internasional ba projeitu CCS, depende ba tipu projeitu CCS, etapa no siklu vida projeitu, aspeitu tekniku, jeografia, no bazea ba jeolojia rejionál kada tipu projeitu ne’ebé atu akomoda. Projeitu CCS ne’ebé efektivu no seguru, normalmente kumpri no obedese tuir padraun internasional sira, nune’e hodi asegura sucessu ba implementasaun projeitu CCS no CCUS.
Nasaun sira ne’ebé partisipa ativu ba kriasaun padraun internasional ISO/TC 265 mak: Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Irlandia, Japan, no Korea. Padraun ISO/TC 265 akomula padraun sira ne’ebé relevante ho Kapturasaun, Armajenamentu, Kuantifikasaun no Verifikasaun, issue sira ne’ebé relevante ho enhanced oil recovery (EOR), no cross-cutting issue. Infelizmente, iha krisaun padraun nee Timor-Leste la partisipa. Nasaun membru observador sira mak: Argentina, Belgium, Czech Republic, Egypt, Finland, Hungaria, Iran, Italy, Luxembourg, Mexico, New Zealand, Poland, Qatar no Serbia (Indonesia CCS Center, 2023).
Konkluzaun
I. Iha futuru, Timor-Leste hakarak sai sentru CCS iha ASEAN no rejionál, entaun presija harii sentru CCS Timor nian, ho misaun hodi fasilita peskija, studu teknika no finansiamentu, kriasaun regulamentu, no kolaborasaun ba implementasaun CCS iha Timor-Leste. Presija mos hari entidade kriasaun padraun nasional ne’ebé independente, nune’e bele posibilija involvimentu Timor-Leste nia partisipasaun iha ISO.
II. Dezenvolvimentu teknlojia CCS no CCUS sei estimula inovasaun iha seitor enerjia no teknolojia ambientál, hamosu konesementu foun, no ejije solusaun avansadu hodi mitiga no redus mudansa iklimatika globál. CCS no CCUS sei hamosu oportunidade ekonomia foun, inklui kriasaun kampu trabalho iha seitor konstrusaun, operasionál, manutensaun, inklui dezenvolvimentu teknolojia, dezenvolvimentu infraestrutura, no diversifikasaun portofoliu enerjia, no liu-liu dezenvolvimentu siénsia, teknolojia, transferénsia skills ba rekursu umanu Timoroan. God bless.
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