Kontinuasaun…
Timor-Leste ba Aseitasaun Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC)
Timor-Leste iha ninia konseitu rasik nu’udar Estadu soberania. Planu Estratéjiku Dezenvolvimentu Nasionál (PEDN 2011-2030), define ona vizaun ba tinan 20 ne’ebé haroman ba aspirasaun povu Timor-Leste hodi konstrui Estadu ida prósperu no forte. PEDN hatudu komitementu atu dezenvolve no inspira mudansa, suporta asaun koletiva ne’ebé forsa no planu ba nune’e bele iha atinjimentu futuru ida ne’ebé di’ak liu (The Timor-Leste Strategic Development Plan 211-230).[15]
Tinan hirak liuba Timor-Leste expera oinsá bele hetan fundus milliaun $300 nu’udar apoiu husi Estadus Unidus Amerika ba konstrui infraestrutura baziku ho programa MCC seluk, maibé Timor-Leste tenki priense indikadór anual balun. Hafoin selesiona ba estatutu “Threshold” intermediáriu iha tinan 2004; Prosesu MCC nian ko-insidente ho protestu elementu Igreja katólika balun kontra Governu FRETILIN tinan 2005, no Timor-Leste dahuluk priense rekezitu ba asesu fundu hotu husi MCC iha tinan 2006, maibé iha prosesu negosisaun hanaran “Compact“, lakonsege atinji entre Dili no Washintong, hafoin disturba ho krizi 2006.
Hahú fali iha postu-krizi tinan 2007-2008 no tuir rekezitu Anuál Fiskál ne’ebé Estadus Unidus iha, liuliu indikadór ba kontrolu korupsaun atu nune’e bele lori Timor-Leste ba priense rekezitu sira. Iha sorin seluk maske ho deklarasaun husi Konsellu MCC sira liga ba rekezitu ne’ebé barak ba Timor-Leste hodi tuir, maibé altura ne’ebá eis-embaixadór Hans Klemm kontinua hamutuk ba reforsa governu hodi konsola MCC ba aseitasaun Timor-Leste inklui Ministériu Finansa, hodi deklara sei hatudu komitmentu ba kontrollu korupsaun, nune’e ikusmai Timor-Leste konsege asesu ba programa apoiu fundus refere ho estatutu “Threshold” ka fundus ki’ik, tanba Timor-Leste nia Anuál Fiskál antes ne’e iha tinan 2009 tuun makaas, no Timor-Leste iha konsiderasaun nu’udar Estadu ne’ebé ho rendimentu ki’ik (Low Incom Country / LIC); maske ho reseitas fundu petrolifeiru ne’ebé iha hasa’e rendimentu per kapita Timor-Leste ba iha milliaun $1.855 ba fali iha nasaun ho rendimentu médiu ki’ik ka Lower Middle Income Country (LMIC) iha tinan 2010.
Alende ne’e MCC mós halo komparasaun ba Timor-Leste ho nasaun sira seluk ne’ebé ladun ki’ak hodi kria nia persentazen tuun liu, mak iha Outubru tinan 2010, MCC publika valór ba tinan 2011. Timor-Leste iha kategorizasaun ne’ebé aat kompara ho nasaun 28 seluk ho mós rendimentu mediu ki’ik hodi liu de’it Angola, Irak no Afghanistan, i la priense rekezitus kompara ho tinan sira antes ne’e, hafoin MCC hasa’e hikas valór Timor-Leste ho indikadór sira ne’ebé iha atu hareee liu ba kestaun korupsaun Estadu (Lao Hamutuk 2022). Laiha peritu, sosiedade sívil no polítiku sira mak kesitona indikadór/kritériu sira MCC nian, nune’e negosiasaun sira nee la’o silénsiu, sem partisipasaun povu nian.
Hafoin governu Timor-Leste no EUA liuhusi MCC konkorda ona “Threshold program” ne’ebé kria oinsá atu hasa’e valór Timor-Leste iha indikadór ba kontrolu korupsaun no volume imunizasaun, iha ne’ebé jere husi USAID, no hafoin publika husi Ministériu Negosiu Estranjeiru RDTL, Konsellu Ministru no MCC rasik, iha ne’ebé obrigatoriamente husi lei EUA, MCC fó sai kongresu EUA ho deskrisaun programa ne’e rasik, ho total orsamentu milliaun $10.496.000 durante tinan tolu. Anti-korupsaun sei hetan milliaun $7,1, imunizasaun milliaun $2,6 no milliaun $0,8 aumenta ho MCC atu monitoriza no evalua programa anti-korupsaun (Lao Hamutuk 2022).
Timor-Leste no EUA asina akordu formál ba implementasaun programa refere iha loron 22 Setembru tinan 2010 (Lao Hamutuk 2022).[16] Nune’e iha tinan 2018 Timor-Leste kontinua hetan vizita husi MCC. Delegasaun mós deklara-an katak MCC nia vizita mai Timor-Leste ho objetivu oinsá atu apoiu servisu ba dezenvolve programa subsidiu MCC kada tinan lima, (U.S. Embassy in Timor Leste 2018).[17] Nune’e iha tinan 2019 Estadu Timor-Leste disidi hodi harii Compact Development Team- Timor-Leste (CDT-TL) nu’udar entidade ida oinsá bele servisu hamutuk ho MCC atu haree ba programa ne’ebé hanaran MCC fó liuliu programa Compact. MCC tenta adjusta-an ba konseitu dezenvolvimentu globál, Hahú husi MDG ba to’o SDG ho nia prinsípiu sira ba dezenvolvimentu, husi ida ne’e fó biban liutan ba MCC hodi dezenvolve-an iha tempu ba tempu no integra iha ONU. Parlamentu Nasionál Timor-Leste nia debate kona-ba MCC infelizmente tékniku-liu, no la hatudu debate substansiál kona-ba relasaun, kompatibilidade no inkompatibilidade projetu bilaterál MCC no agenda multilaterál SDGs nian.
Hanesan mós iha Nepal, CDT-TL nian resprezentante durante seminar iha UNTL afirma pozisaun MCC nian katak “tulun ona TL no nasaun ki’ak sira barak iha mundu. Nasaun balun rejeita programa ajudu MCC, maibé nasaun balun mós simu MCC, ezemplu: Filipina, Indonézia, Cabo-Verde etc”; CDT-TL mós argumenta ho pozisiona-an mais konvensional liu hodi hateten katak “hanesan nasaun foin ukun-an no ki’ak mak Timor-Leste presiza atu hetan apoiu duadór sira husi raili’ur inklui husi MCC mós”, ho uzu slogan sira hanesan 3D Development, Defence and Democracy, ne’e nu’udar forma husi konseitu polítika externa EUA nian, husi oinsá atu justifika mós katak Estadu Timor-Leste ba apoiu ajenda polítika EUA nian ne’ebé iha inklui ba Timor-Leste rasik (Reprezentante CDT-TL, semináriu UNTL 2022).
Reprezentante CDT-TL nian mós relata katak CDT-TL konsentra liu ba kestaun tékniku oinsá ba hari plataforma polítiku dezenvolvimentu MCC nian; halo estudu sira, ezemplu hanesan estudu ho naran Road Post Analysis, 2017-2018. Husi estudu ne’ebé iha CDT-TL identifika problema balu hanesan Public Finance Management; Buissenes and Environment; Stunting kestaun saúde umanu no sanitation. Compact MCC, tuir fontes CDT-TL nian katak sei fó apoiu ba stunting (hamlaha kronika) no edukasaun ba hasa’e kualidade kapasidade professor no jestór eskola nian (Skill-Development. Compact MCC sei haree mós programa Sanitariu, Bee moos no Drynazen, nune’e CDT-TL reforsa liutan katak “MCC rasik mós kompremitidu buat barak ne’ebé mak sei hala’o husi apoiu subsidiu fundus refere (Reprezentante CDT-TL, semináriu UNTL 2022).
CDT-TL mós haktuir katak iha parte sanitasaun, futuru mai sei kria laboratóriu ne’ebé bo’ot kontribui ba programa Waste Water Treatment and Plan. Sira intende atu halo produsaun ai-moruk sira ba desinfektasaun beemós hodi halakon bakteria sira. Projetu nee sei okupa rai tetuk 5.5 hektares iha Dili laran. Tuir estudu viabilidade ne’ebé MCC iha ba bakteria, partikular-liuhusi sintina sira, ne’ebé kontaminadu ho bee-moos kuaze %88 husi rai leten ba rai-okos. Projetu ida ne’e bazeia ba estudu Asian Development Bank (ADB), sei gasta osan, totál billoens $1.4. Partisipante balun, durante Seminario Nasionál iha Universidade Nacional Timor Lorosae (UNTL) kestiona kona-ba validade reklamasaun Estudu ajésia ADB nian, no sujere atu Governu halo estudu rasik hodi verifika reklamasaun ADB nian. Partisipante sira mós preukupa kona-ba impaktu projetu ida nee, ba komunidade lokal iha Dili laran, tanba rai 5.5ha ne’e, sei fó risku boot ba komunidade (CDT-TL semináriu UNTL, 2022).[18]
Durante semináriu UNTL 2022, Prezidente Komisaun D Trata Asuntu Ekonomia no Dezenvolvimentu argumenta mós katak Rekezitu, nu’udar kondisaun ba hetan ajudu, nu’udar variavel ne’ebé importante ba Estado Timor, tuir reklamasaun Antonino Bianco, Deputado FRETILIN nee. Partisipante semináriu enkuantu apela ba Parlamento Nasionál atu konsidera loke debate kona-ba kompatibildade, entre objetivu sira MCC nian ho SDGs, nu’udar ajenda global ONU nian, hodi oinsá mak planu hirak nee bele reflete iha Planu Estratejiku Nasionál Timor-Leste nian. Timor-Leste iha pozisaun ida ne’ebé la halo analiza klean ba intermus situasaun-kondisaun sosiál sira hotu hanesan: istória, ekonomia no polítka ne’ebé oras ne’e daudaun akontese, liuliu ba nasaun sira ne’ebé oras ne’e dadaun lakonsege atu hetan kompatibilidade entre SDG no MCC nu’udar matadalan no pratika ba sira nia dezenvolvimentu ekonomia Estadu. (Komisaun D Trata Asuntu Ekonomia no Dezenvolvimentu, Semináriu UNTL 2022)[19]
Reprezentante bankada parlamentu apoiu governu (PLP) no afirma katak ratifikasaun akordu MCC, ho razaun atu halakon mukit, no Parlamentu Nasionál ratifika programa MCC tanba Governu viziñu Indonézia mós simu programa nee. Deputadu ne’e mós haktuir katak “MCC sei tulun dezenvolvimentu sustentabilidade iha Timor-Leste i ba partidu apoiu governu fiar, maske iha diferensia idea entre partidu sira maibé objetivu ida de’it mak hakarak moris di’ak ba povu no nasaun. Tan ne’e ba PLP haree katak, hanesan nasaun sub-dezenvolvidu Timor-Leste presiza duni atu hetan apoiu husi nasaun dezenvolvidu sira, liuliu kria polítika externa ida ne’ebé atu orienta ba hamósu parseiru barak inklui EUA rasik ba Timor-Leste” (Bankada PLP, semináriu UNTL, 2022)
Argumentu sira ne’ebé substánsia diskursu Reprezentante Partido Parlamentu Nasionál nian, iha Semináriu mak, MCC nian objetivu atu kombate mukit; Timor-Leste simu programa MCC tanba Timor-Leste nasaun ne’ebé mukit; Rasaun seluk, mak Timor priense kritériu MCC. Bankada apoiu governu (husi PLP) reforsa liutan katak “Timor-Leste nia instituisaun Estadu no setór privadu sira seidauk bele atu hamriik mesak ba dezenvolve ekonomia nasaun, nune’e mak governu konstitusionál VIII prefere liu atu Estadu hola inisiativa ba empodera setór importante sira, inklui fó mós biban ba intervensaun husi externa ba dezenvolvimentu ekonomia Nasionál”. (Bankada PLP, semináriu UNTL, 2022)[20] La’o Hamutuk komenta katak desizaun polítika Estadu no dependensia Timor-Leste barak liu ba apoiu empréstimu sira ne’ebé karakteriza ona Timor-Leste nia pozisaun, mak sei hatuur pozisaun MCC iha kontribuisaun implikasaun ba Timor-Leste ninia dezenvolviemtu ekonomia Estadu iha futuru sira mai (Lao Hamutuk 2012)[21]
Konkluzaun
MCC nia prezensa iha ona nasaun kuaze 80 no Estadus Unidus Hahú fó advokasia ekonomia hodi fó tendensia ba forma modelu Estadu fraku ka Weak State Model katak Estadu sei husik setór privadu mak halo intervensaun iha dezenvolvimentu ekonomia.
Nepal aseita programa MCC tanba kondisaun internál ne’ebé ameasa, liuliu krizi naturais, nune’e lideransa sira iha Nepal to’o iha konkluzaun ka hanoin ida lais-liu ba aseitasaun MCC, maibé kontroversia sei kontinua iha Nepal fundamentál-liu tanba Konstituisaun Nepal nian define Estadu Sosialista Nepal, nu’udar modelu Estadu forti. Estadu mak halo intervensaun hodi dezenvolve ekonomia no asegura distribuisaun rekursu hanesan, ba sidadaun hotu.
Rejime polítiku iha Timor-Leste oras ne’e, lidera husi FRETILIN-PLP-Khunto, no Parlamentu Nasionál ratifika ona programa MCC iha Outubru 2022, no oinsá programa MCC sei implika ba polítika no valór sira Timor-Leste nian.
Artigu relevente:PARTE II: DEZENVOLVIMENTU SUSTENTÁVEL: Ba Kompreende Polítika Husi MCC iha Nasaun Terseiru Mundu: Estudu Kazu Kona-ba Nepal no Timor-Leste
Referénsia
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[2]. Emeh, Ikechukwu Eke Jeffry, (2013), Dependency Theory and Africa’s Underdevelopment: a Paradigm Shift from Pseudo Intellectualism: the Nigerian Perspective: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315719638_Dependency_Theory_and_Africa%27s_Underdevelopment_a_Paradigm_Shift_from_Pseudo-Intellectualism_the_Nigerian_Perspective
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[5]. Millennium Challenge Corporation, (2017), Introduction: Overview of the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC):
[6]. Millennium Challenge Corporation, (2020), About MCC. Retrieved from Millennium Challenge Corporation: https://www.mcc.gov/about
[7]. Trending Net Nepal, (2020), MILLENNIUM CHALLENGE CORPORATION (MCC) IN NEPAL: https://www.trendingnetnepal.com/millenium-challenge-corporation-in-nepal/
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[9]. Millennium Challenge Corporation, (2022), Nepal Compact: Features of the Nepal Compact: https://www.mcc.gov/where-we work/program/nepal-compact
[10]. Osmani S. R. and Bajracharya B. B. (2007), THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF NEPAL: A LONG-TERM PERSPECTIVE: HTTPS://WWW.GOOGLE.COM/URL?SA=T&RCT=J&Q=&ESRC=S&SOURCE=WEB&CD=&CAD=RJA&UACT=8&VED=2AHUKEWIBKBXN_BD7AHV0CRCAHV-7CPEQFNOECA0QAQ&URL=HTTPS%3A%2F%2FPURE.ULSTER.AC.UK%2FFILES%2F11744362%2FNEPAL.DOC&USG=AOVVAW3QHJJ30BMKRSX2B3ANSA0F
[11]. Maharjan, Uttam (2022), Why Controversy Over MCC?: https://old.risingnepaldaily.com/opinion/why-controversy-over-mcc
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[13]. The Kathmandu Post, (2022), Why the MCC compact courted controversy in Nepal: https://kathmandupost.com/national/2020/01/09/why-the-mcc-compact-courted-controversy-in-nepal
[14]. Sharma, Buddhi Prasad (2022), Nepal ratifies MCC but will it be beneficial to the country?: https://www.bjreview.com/Opinion/Voice/202203/t20220301_800277301.html
[15]. TIMOR-LESTE STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2011 – 2030: http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Timor-Leste-Strategic-Plan-2011-20301.pdf
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[19]. Komisaun D Trata Asuntu Ekonomia no Dezenvolvimentu (2022), Semianriu Nasionál.
[20]. Bankada PLP, (2022) Semináriu Nasionál.
[21]. Lao Hamutuk, (2012), Why should Timor-Leste go into debt? https://www.laohamutuk.org/econ/debt/09Borrowing.htm
